Browse All Companies

The United States' central bank; its rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets roughly every six weeks, and its decisions move gold prices directly since higher rates raise the cost of holding an asset that pays no yield.

A UK/Australian dual-listed mining group and one of the world's largest metals and mining companies; its Kennecott unit operates copper mining, smelting and refining near Salt Lake City, Utah.

One of the world's largest diversified mining companies, headquartered in Australia, with major copper operations in Chile and a joint-venture stake in the Vicuña copper district.

An Anglo-Swiss commodity trading and mining company headquartered in Baar, Switzerland, and the largest privately run copper and cobalt producer operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

A Canadian company headquartered in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and one of the world's largest publicly traded uranium producers, with operations including the McArthur River/Key Lake and Cigar Lake mines and a stake in nuclear reactor services company Westinghouse.

The metals flagship of the Aditya Birla Group, founded in 1958 — one of the world's largest aluminium producers and a major copper producer through its Birla Copper unit, with operations spanning 10 countries.

India's only vertically integrated copper producer, a Ministry of Mines public sector undertaking that mines, smelts and refines copper at Malanjkhand, Khetri and Ghatsila.

A Phoenix, Arizona-based mining company and one of the world's largest publicly traded copper producers, with major operations including the Grasberg complex in Indonesia and the Morenci and Bagdad mines in Arizona.

The world's largest zinc smelter, founded in 1974 and headquartered in Seoul — its Onsan complex processes over 1.2 million tonnes a year of zinc, lead, gold, silver and other metals, making it South Korea's dominant base-metals refiner.

A US rare-earth mining and magnet-manufacturing company that operates the Mountain Pass mine in California, the only active rare-earth mine of scale in the United States; the Department of Defense became its largest shareholder in July 2025.

China's central bank, which resumed publicly disclosed gold purchases in November 2022 and has expanded its reserves in most months since, reaching a record 2,377.5 tonnes by July 2026.

An Indian multinational natural resources conglomerate with operations spanning zinc, lead, silver, aluminium, iron ore, oil and gas and power, and the majority promoter shareholder of Hindustan Zinc.

An Indian natural resources conglomerate and the residual entity of Vedanta's 2026 five-way demerger, housing the company's copper business (Sterlite Copper), Hindustan Zinc, and other base-metals operations; its copper, Fujairah Gold and Vedanta Copper International units are being consolidated under a unified Vedanta Copper brand.

A London-headquartered market development organization funded by the world's leading gold mining companies; it researches and publishes global gold supply-and-demand data, including the quarterly Gold Demand Trends report and an annual central bank reserve survey.

India's largest integrated producer of zinc, lead and silver, operating mines and smelters concentrated in Rajasthan, and majority-owned by Vedanta with the Indian government holding a residual minority stake.

India's largest aluminium producer, operating the Jharsuguda smelter in Odisha -- the world's largest single-location aluminium smelter -- and the BALCO smelter in Chhattisgarh; independently listed on the NSE and BSE since June 2026 following Vedanta Limited's five-way demerger.

A Swedish base-metals mining and smelting group headquartered in Stockholm, listed on Nasdaq Stockholm, with mining and smelting operations across Sweden, Finland, Norway and Ireland producing zinc, copper, lead, nickel, silver and gold.

Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile, the Chilean state-owned mining company and the world's largest copper producer, operating major mines including Chuquicamata and El Teniente.

A Johannesburg-headquartered mining company and the world's largest primary producer of platinum and rhodium, the second-largest producer of palladium, and a top-tier gold producer, with additional operations in PGM recycling and battery-metal projects.

A Rio de Janeiro-headquartered mining company and one of the world's largest iron ore exporters, with growing copper and nickel operations run through its Vale Base Metals subsidiary.

India's largest coal producer and a state-owned enterprise under the Ministry of Coal, now building overseas legal vehicles to pursue critical-mineral assets like lithium, copper and rare earths beyond its core thermal-coal business.

A major US investment bank and global financial services firm headquartered in New York, whose commodities research team is closely watched for its gold, oil and metals price forecasts.

A Canadian mining company, headquartered in Vancouver and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: IVN), that operates the Kamoa-Kakula copper complex and is developing the Platreef platinum-group-metals project and the Kipushi zinc-copper mine, all in Southern Africa.

A global investment bank and financial services firm whose economists and analysts publish widely cited research on markets including gold and emerging economies such as India.

A Canadian uranium mining company (NYSE/TSX: NXE) developing the Rook I project in Saskatchewan's Athabasca Basin, home to the Arrow deposit, one of the largest and highest-grade undeveloped uranium resources discovered globally.

India's largest iron ore producer, a state-run (government of India majority-owned) mining company whose monthly benchmark prices for lump and fines serve as the reference point for the domestic steel industry.

India's central bank and the manager of the country's foreign-exchange and gold reserves, published every Friday in its Weekly Statistical Supplement; it has grown its official gold holdings from 557.8 tonnes in 2015 to 880.52 tonnes by 2026.

A Danish investment bank headquartered in Copenhagen specialising in online trading across stocks, forex and commodities, whose commodity strategy team is frequently cited in precious-metals market coverage.

A dual-listed lithium producer (NASDAQ: SGML, TSXV: SGML) headquartered in Toronto that operates the Grota do Cirilo hard-rock spodumene complex in Brazil, marketed as a renewable-energy-powered, zero-tailings supplier to the EV battery industry.

A Canadian diversified mining company that operates the Trail smelting and refining complex in British Columbia, one of the largest integrated zinc and lead processing operations in the world.

A US-based uranium mining and processing company focused on domestic production to supply American nuclear utilities.

A US-listed semiconductor materials company and the world's second-largest producer of indium phosphide substrates, used to make optical transceivers for data-center networking.

One of the largest banking and financial services companies in the United States, whose equity research arm rates and sets price targets on major mining and materials stocks.

The United Kingdom's central bank, whose London vaults hold gold on behalf of dozens of foreign governments and institutions -- including, since 2008, Venezuela's disputed 31-tonne reserve, which it has said it cannot release without a UK court order clarifying who has legal authority over the account.

A Toronto-headquartered gold and copper producer, renamed from Barrick Gold Corporation in 2025, with mines across North America, South America and Africa, dual-listed on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker B) and Toronto Stock Exchange (ticker ABX).

A Chinese mining company headquartered in Henan province, ranked among the world's largest cobalt producers and a significant copper miner; it operates the Kisanfu copper-cobalt project in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The mining subsidiary of Brazil's Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN) group and one of the country's largest iron ore exporters, operating the Casa de Pedra mine in Minas Gerais.

The central bank of the Netherlands, responsible for the country's monetary policy participation within the eurozone and for managing its official gold and foreign-currency reserves.

A Canadian uranium exploration and development company holding an effective 95% interest in the Wheeler River project in Saskatchewan's Athabasca Basin, where its Phoenix in-situ recovery mine became the first uranium mine of its kind approved for construction in Canada.

Germany's central bank, custodian of the world's second-largest sovereign gold reserve, a significant share of which remains held abroad in New York, London and Paris.

A UAE-based aluminium producer, one of the largest in the world outside China, that suffered facility strikes and cut output during the 2026 Iran war.

A Vancouver, Canada-headquartered mining company and one of the world's top ten copper producers; it operates Zambia's Kansanshi copper-gold mine through its 80%-owned subsidiary, Kansanshi Mining PLC.

A US solar panel manufacturer headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, and the world's leading producer of cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film photovoltaic modules, an alternative to conventional silicon-based solar panels.

A Johannesburg-listed gold miner with operations in Australia, the Americas and Africa.

A Johannesburg-based mining group and one of the world's largest platinum-group-metals producers, holding a joint-venture stake in the Waterberg project alongside its own established South African PGM mines.

A US optical and photonic products company supplying components used in data-center and telecommunications networking equipment.

An ASX-listed rare-earths producer that posted record revenue of A$977.9 million in its 2026 financial year.

National Aluminium Company Limited, a state-owned Indian aluminium producer and one of KABIL's three founding partner companies.

India's largest iron ore producer, majority owned by the central government, expanding into rare earth elements through its partnership with GMDC.

The world's largest recycler of aluminium and a rolled-aluminium producer for the automotive, beverage-can, aerospace and specialty markets, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia; it has been a subsidiary of Hindalco Industries since 2007.

A US semiconductor company whose GPUs power most AI data-center computing; it has invested directly in indium phosphide substrate suppliers to help expand capacity for the optical components its systems require.

An Australian, ASX-listed company and the world's largest independent hard-rock lithium producer, operating the Pilgangoora mine in Western Australia.

The steelmaking arm of India's Tata Group, operating major steel production sites in the United Kingdom including Llanwern and Port Talbot in Wales.

A Swiss multinational investment bank and wealth manager whose Chief Investment Office publishes widely followed commodity and asset-class price forecasts.

A Johannesburg-based platinum group metals producer formerly known as Anglo American Platinum, demerged from Anglo American in May 2025 and now independently listed on the Johannesburg and London stock exchanges, with mines including Mogalakwena and Amandelbult in South Africa's Bushveld Complex.

A Chinese multinational mining company listed in Hong Kong and Shanghai, among the world's largest producers of copper and gold, with an expanding portfolio of mines across Latin America and Africa.

A pan-African multilateral development finance institution, established in 2007 by African sovereign states and headquartered in Lagos, that provides debt and equity financing for infrastructure and industrial projects across Africa.

A US-based specialty chemicals company and the world's largest producer of lithium, with brine and hard-rock lithium operations spanning Chile, Nevada and Western Australia's Talison Greenbushes joint venture, alongside a global bromine business used in flame retardants and water treatment.

A Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based aluminium producer with bauxite mining, alumina refining and smelting operations in the United States, Canada, Australia and elsewhere; one of the world's largest aluminium companies.

A UK-listed, Chile-focused copper mining company that operates Los Pelambres, one of the world's largest copper mines, which also yields silver as a byproduct.

An ASX-listed rare earths developer headquartered in Perth, building the Nolans mine and processing plant in the Northern Territory, designed as Australia's first ore-to-oxide rare earths operation.

An Indian e-waste and lithium-ion battery recycling company, scaling its capacity as part of the country's push to build a domestic battery-materials recovery industry.

Japan's central bank, which only began stepping back from decades of near-zero and negative interest rates in recent years and raised its policy rate to a 31-year high of 1.25% on September 18, 2026.

An ASX-listed uranium developer advancing the Etango project in Namibia's Erongo region toward a construction decision.

A Canadian nickel developer advancing the Crawford project in Ontario, designed to become the Western world's largest nickel sulphide operation and North America's only primary source of chromium.

A Frankfurt-headquartered global investment bank whose commodities research desk publishes estimates on gold demand, including quarterly dollar-value figures for central bank purchases.

A Chinese company that built and operates Nigeria's largest lithium processing plant, a 6,000-metric-tonne-per-day facility in Nasarawa State commissioned by President Bola Tinubu in July 2026.

A US uranium producer and processor, operator of the White Mesa Mill, the only conventional uranium processing facility currently operating in the United States.

A Vancouver-based gold mining company with operating mines and development projects across the Americas, including Mexico, the United States, Brazil and, following its Orla Mining acquisition, Canada.

A French mining and metallurgical group listed on Euronext Paris with leading positions in nickel, manganese and lithium; it holds an indirect 38.7% stake in the Weda Bay Nickel operation in Indonesia, alongside majority partner Tsingshan.

An Australian gold and copper producer listed on the ASX, operating mines including Ernest Henry and Northparkes, that holds a funded minority stake in a US lithium exploration joint venture.

A Canadian mineral exploration and technology company (CSE: FTEL) developing the Deer Horn gold-silver-tellurium property in British Columbia alongside tellurium-based thermoelectric technology through its subsidiary, PyroDelta Energy.

A US clean-technology startup developing fiber-based systems that extract dissolved uranium from seawater and process it into yellowcake for nuclear fuel.

A Toronto-headquartered mining company developing the Malmbjerg molybdenum deposit in east-central Greenland, one of the largest known molybdenum-only deposits outside China and the Americas.

Gina Rinehart's private Australian company, built on iron ore mining, which has put about $4 billion into critical minerals investments.

A South African gold mining company and one of the country's largest gold producers, listed on the JSE and, via American depositary receipts, on the NYSE, which has recently diversified into copper production through the acquisition of the CSA mine.

A Canadian mining company producing copper, gold, silver and zinc from operations in Canada, Peru and the United States.

An Australian critical-minerals producer that holds a 49% stake in a joint venture with Tianqi Lithium covering an indirect interest in the Greenbushes lithium mine and the Kwinana lithium hydroxide refinery in Western Australia, alongside its own Nova nickel-copper-cobalt mine.

A US-based materials refiner and manufacturer, founded in 1934, supplying indium, solders and other specialty metals to the global electronics, semiconductor and thermal-management industries.

A Cardiff, UK-based compound semiconductor wafer manufacturer and one of the world's largest suppliers of epitaxial wafers used in lasers, LEDs and other optoelectronic devices.

The retail broking and financial services arm of the Mumbai-headquartered JM Financial group, whose commodity and currency research team is frequently quoted on Indian bullion market trends.

The flagship steelmaker of the JSW Group and one of India's largest producers of finished steel, headquartered in Mumbai.

The Kazakh state-owned nuclear company and the world's largest uranium producer, accounting for roughly a fifth of global attributable uranium output.

An Oakland, California-based direct lithium extraction (DLE) company that uses proprietary ion-exchange technology to produce battery-grade lithium carbonate and hydroxide from brine.

A North American lithium developer and the operating partner behind the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada, backed by a US Department of Energy loan.

A Mumbai-based brokerage and financial services firm offering equities, derivatives, commodities and currency trading, whose commodity and currency research desk is regularly cited in Indian financial media on gold and silver price moves.

A Noida-based critical-minerals and battery-recycling company operating India's largest integrated lithium-ion battery recycling and refining facilities, and the first Indian company to produce lithium from a mining asset it owns overseas, in Zimbabwe.

An Australian rare earth explorer developing the Caldeira ionic-clay project in Minas Gerais, Brazil, targeting neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium and terbium for magnet supply chains.

A diversified ASX-listed mining and mining-services company with lithium operations at Mt Marion and Wodgina alongside its core iron-ore business in Western Australia.

A government-controlled 'Navratna' company, founded in 1981 and headquartered in Bhubaneswar, that mines bauxite and refines alumina and aluminium in Odisha; the Indian government holds roughly 51% of its equity, and the company carries no net debt.

A Denver-headquartered gold mining company and Barrick's longtime co-owner of the Nevada Gold Mines joint venture, one of the largest gold-producing complexes in the United States.

A Luxembourg-incorporated, Peru- and Brazil-focused zinc miner and smelter listed on the NYSE and TSX, operating five polymetallic mines and three zinc smelters -- including Cajamarquilla in Peru, the largest zinc smelter in the Americas -- and producing copper, lead, silver and gold as byproducts of its core zinc business.

An ASX-listed nickel producer headquartered in Sydney, Australia, that owns mining and processing assets across Sulawesi, Indonesia, including an 80% economic interest in the Hengjaya Mine and a 46% stake in the Excelsior Nickel Cobalt HPAL project.

A Nigerian state investment vehicle focused on enabling exploration, development and investment across Nigeria's solid minerals sector, led by Minister of Solid Minerals Development Dele Alake.

Australia's largest gold producer, listed on the ASX, with mines in Western Australia and Alaska.

A Santa Clara, California-based nuclear technology company developing small, sodium-cooled fast fission reactors called Aurora powerhouses, alongside metallic HALEU fuel fabrication and used-fuel recycling.

A majority-owned subsidiary of First Tellurium developing tellurium-based thermoelectric materials, including a proprietary Capillary Casting manufacturing process, designed to convert waste heat into usable electricity.

Russia's state-owned nuclear energy corporation, which controls the country's uranium enrichment capacity and is the named target of continued US import restrictions under the sanctions bill.

Saudi Arabia's state-owned oil company and the operator of the kingdom's East-West pipeline, one of the main corridors carrying Saudi crude toward Red Sea export terminals.

An international nonprofit association representing the global silver industry -- miners, refiners and manufacturers -- and publisher of the annual World Silver Survey.

A globally diversified mining and metals company, spun off from BHP in 2015, with operations spanning aluminium, manganese, zinc, silver and other base and battery metals, including the Mozal smelter in Mozambique.

A Grupo Mexico subsidiary and one of the world's largest copper producers, with mining operations concentrated in Peru and Mexico.

A Swedish-Finnish steelmaker specializing in high-strength and advanced high-strength steel, and one of the first major producers to commit to fossil-free steel production.

Vedanta group's copper smelting and refining business in India, processing imported concentrate into refined copper products.

A major Japanese industrial conglomerate whose electronics division is the world's largest producer of indium phosphide substrates, alongside AXT Inc and JX Nippon Mining & Metals.

The world's largest dedicated semiconductor foundry, headquartered in Taiwan; committed $17 billion to expand 3-nanometer chip production capacity in Japan.

A Canadian-listed mining company operating the Empire State Mines zinc operation in New York, now evaluating its tailings as a potential domestic US source of germanium.

The US government department responsible for managing federal finances, including issuing and buying back Treasury securities -- the debt market gold and silver's opportunity cost is priced against.

A Belgium-headquartered materials-technology company whose Oklahoma Electro-Optic Materials site is one of the world's largest refiners and recyclers of germanium, a material used in fiber optics and infrared optics.

A Stillwater, Oklahoma-headquartered rare-earth and magnet company building a vertically integrated supply chain from its Round Top deposit in West Texas through to finished permanent magnets, backed by a 2026 Commerce Department funding package.

A Vancouver, Canada-based streaming and royalty company that funds mines in exchange for the right to buy a fixed share of their future gold, silver and other by-product output at a set price, rather than operating mines itself.

An Australian base-metals miner listed on the ASX that operates the Golden Grove copper-zinc mine in Western Australia.

A Montreal-based Canadian producer of specialty semiconductors and performance materials; refines copper-refining byproduct tellurium into cadmium telluride semiconductor material for solar panel manufacturers.

A Swiss technology company focused on electrification and automation, listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange and Nasdaq Stockholm, that supplies electrical infrastructure and industrial automation systems to mining and processing operators.

A London-based, FCA-regulated brokerage offering forex and CFD trading, whose analysts are frequently quoted on daily precious-metals and currency moves.

The Adani Group's copper smelting complex in Gujarat, India, built to process imported copper concentrate into refined metal.

A Johannesburg-listed, diversified South African mining company controlled by billionaire Patrice Motsepe, with interests spanning platinum group metals, iron ore, manganese, chrome, nickel, gold and coal.

A Bengaluru-based gallium nitride semiconductor company spun off from the Indian Institute of Science, supplying GaN RF and power-electronics devices for telecom, defence and industrial customers.

A wholly owned Tata Sons subsidiary building battery-cell manufacturing plants in Sanand, India and Bridgwater, UK, developing NMC and LFP lithium-ion cell technology.

Aluminium Bahrain, one of the world's largest single-site aluminium smelters, majority state-owned by the Kingdom of Bahrain.

A North Carolina-headquartered specialty chemicals company and the world's largest lithium producer, supplying lithium compounds for EV batteries and energy storage; trades on the NYSE under the ticker ALB.

A New York Stock Exchange-listed producer of bauxite, alumina and aluminum (ticker: AA), separated from the original Alcoa Inc. in November 2016.

A national trade body representing jewellers and goldsmiths across India.

A Canadian mining company, listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, that restarted commercial tungsten mining at its Sangdong site in South Korea in December 2025 and is separately developing an adjacent molybdenum deposit at the same location.

A Bristol, Tennessee-headquartered producer of metallurgical and thermal coal with mining operations in Virginia and West Virginia, formerly named Contura Energy before a 2021 rebrand.

A Hyderabad-based battery-materials company founded in 2023, building India's first Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) cathode manufacturing plant in Telangana and, separately, the country's first Mineral Security Partnership-listed lithium refining project at Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh.

A US maker of specialty calcined and tabular alumina with plants in Ohio and Arkansas.

Known as Alba, one of the world's largest single-site aluminium smelters, based in Bahrain, which initiated forced output cuts after facility damage in 2026.

A Greenland-focused mining company operating the producing Nalunaq gold mine and exploring rare-earth and other critical-mineral prospects, including the Ilua project in South Greenland; listed in London, Toronto and Iceland.

Amazon is a US technology company whose cloud arm, Amazon Web Services (AWS), runs data centres that use copper in power, cooling and computing hardware.

A Canadian company developing the Falchani lithium project in Peru through its local subsidiary, Macusani Yellowcake.

A US critical-materials company (NASDAQ: AREC) whose subsidiaries recycle end-of-life batteries, magnets and ferrous scrap to recover metals and rare-earth elements for defense, technology and electric-vehicle supply chains.

A Great Lakes bulk carrier operator founded in Buffalo, New York in 1907 and now a unit of Mainstay Maritime; its fleet of 1,000-foot self-unloading vessels moves iron ore, coal and limestone between US and Canadian ports.

A Toronto-based precious metals mining company operating silver and gold mines across the Americas.

A gold-mining company incorporated in the United Kingdom and headquartered in Denver, Colorado, with roots in South Africa's AngloGold and Ghana's Ashanti Goldfields; its primary stock listing is on the NYSE under the ticker AU, with secondary listings in Johannesburg and Ghana.

A project roughly 80 kilometers from Nuuk, Greenland developing sustainable and high-purity alumina alongside CO2-free cement, in which Greenland Mines Ltd holds an initial 9.9% stake with an option to increase to 19.9%.

A Beijing-based, state-backed metals research and consulting firm that tracks China's production, imports and market data across the non-ferrous metals industry, including copper.

A California-based startup developing factory-produced, deployable fission microreactors for mission-critical and remote power applications.

A London-listed, Chile-focused copper mining company whose core operations include the Los Pelambres and Centinela mines, both in Chile.

An Australian multinational banking and financial services group, one of Australia's four largest banks, whose research division publishes commodity and markets commentary cited by financial media.

Anzana Electric Group, formerly known as Virunga Power, is a hydropower developer and electricity distributor operating across East, Central and Southern Africa, headquartered in Burundi.

A chemical-processing company building a commercial-scale US Gulf Coast facility to produce battery-grade ethylene carbonate, a solvent used in lithium-ion battery electrolytes.

A Luxembourg-headquartered steel and mining company formed in 2006 through the merger of Arcelor and Mittal Steel; the world's second-largest steelmaker by output, with operations across more than a dozen countries.

The largest steel producer on the African continent, headquartered in Vanderbijlpark, and a subsidiary of the global steel group ArcelorMittal.

An Indonesian tin-mining group founded in 2011, operating in the Bangka Belitung Islands; chaired by Hashim Djojohadikusumo, the businessman brother of Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto.

Singapore Asahi Chemical & Solder Industries, a Singapore-based manufacturer of solder, flux and conductive inks founded in 1977, serving electronics and renewable-energy manufacturers.

A Canadian mineral exploration company listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE:ATLA) and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (1CJ1), focused on rare earth, gallium and lithium exploration at its Novo Cruzeiro project in Brazil.

An Indian gold and silver company whose subsidiary Augmont Gold Tech has been empanelled by NSE to support Electronic Gold Receipts.

A Montreal-headquartered Canadian precious-metals miner that operates the Zgounder silver mine in Morocco and is developing the nearby Boumadine project; its shares trade on the Toronto Stock Exchange and, since May 2026, the Nasdaq under the ticker AYA.

A gold producer listed in Toronto and New York that operates the Goose mine in Nunavut, Canada.

Bahia Metals Corp. (CSE: BMT) is a Canadian-listed explorer advancing a district-scale portfolio of nickel-copper-cobalt-PGM sulphide projects in Bahia state, Brazil, led by its flagship Mangueiros Main deposit.

South Korea's central bank. It holds 104.4 tonnes of gold and last bought physical gold in 2013.

Namibia's central bank, based in Windhoek, responsible for monetary policy, currency management and the country's foreign exchange reserves.

One of Indonesia's largest state-owned banks, founded in 1895 and majority-owned by the Indonesian government, specializing in retail and microfinance lending to tens of millions of customers.

Indonesia's state-owned Islamic bank, formed in 2021 from the merger of BRI Syariah, Bank Syariah Mandiri and BNI Syariah; it is the world's largest Islamic bank by customer numbers.

France's central bank, founded in 1800, responsible for the country's monetary policy participation within the Eurosystem and for managing its official gold and foreign-currency reserves, the world's fourth-largest sovereign gold holding.

A Germany-based shipping company operating one of the world's largest fleets of multipurpose and heavy-lift vessels, specializing in ocean transport of project cargo, bulk metals and steel.

A US engineering, procurement and construction company headquartered in Reston, Virginia; builds large industrial and infrastructure projects, including Rio Tinto Kennecott's onsite solar plants.

A London-based price reporting and research agency covering lithium-ion battery supply chains.

India's second-largest state-owned downstream oil and gas company, headquartered in Mumbai, and Coal India's joint-venture partner on the CIL-BPCL Chandrapur synthetic natural gas project.

An Australian multinational mining company headquartered in Melbourne, and the world's largest mining company by market capitalization, with major iron ore, copper and metallurgical coal operations.

A lithium-ion battery lifecycle and critical-materials company operating in the US and internationally, handling feedstock origination, reverse logistics, battery lifecycle management and material recovery for battery manufacturers, OEMs and recyclers.

A New York-based custody bank and major asset servicer for institutional investors, formerly known as BNY Mellon; its market commentary is closely tracked for reads on official-sector and institutional gold flows.

An Australian uranium producer that operates the Honeymoon mine in South Australia and holds a 30% interest in the Alta Mesa project in Texas.

A Canadian junior mining company developing the Luanga palladium-platinum-gold-nickel project in Pará State, Brazil, within the Carajás Mineral Province.

An ASX-listed rare earth exploration and development company whose flagship Rocha da Rocha project in Brazil includes the high-grade Monte Alto deposit.

A Binghamton, New York-based startup, founded in 2023, that recovers high-grade black mass and lithium-battery precursor materials from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries.

The UK trade association representing the metals recycling industry, which commissioned the Sheffield Hallam University research on the economic impact of scrap steel export restrictions.

A mining subsidiary of Indonesian coal producer Bumi Resources, holding a 49% stake in the Dairi Prima Mineral zinc-lead project in North Sumatra.

A Canadian-listed mining company that restarted the historic Bunker Hill silver-zinc-lead mine in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene Mining District after decades of care and maintenance.

The Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) is a global recycling industry association that represents recyclers in EU policy debates.

A Berlin-based high-end audio equipment maker founded in 1977, which supplies premium sound systems for Porsche vehicles.

A Shenzhen, China-based automaker and battery manufacturer and one of the world's largest EV producers, known for its cobalt-free "Blade" lithium iron phosphate battery.

A subsidiary of Xiamen C&D, a major Chinese state-linked supply-chain and trading conglomerate, acting as offtake buyer for Nigerian lithium ore under its term sheet with Chariot Resources.

Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited, the world's largest electric-vehicle battery manufacturer, headquartered in Ningde, China, which also operates upstream lithium mining assets including the Jianxiawo lepidolite mine in Jiangxi province.

Brazil's central bank, formally the Banco Central do Brasil, responsible for the country's monetary policy and official reserve management.

Turkey's central bank, responsible for monetary policy and reserve management, which has both built and rapidly drawn down large gold reserves in recent years depending on pressure on the lira.

A US-based primary aluminum producer operating smelters at Mt. Holly (South Carolina), Grundartangi (Iceland) and an alumina refinery stake at Jamalco (Jamaica).

An Australian mineral-exploration company (ASX: CC9), formerly Chariot Corporation Limited, focused on near-surface lithium projects in the United States and Nigeria.

A copper and cobalt mining and processing company operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo's Katanga Copper Belt, acquired in full by Lloyds Metals & Energy in March 2026.

A Shanghai-headquartered, state-owned steelmaking conglomerate formed in 2016 through the merger of Baosteel Group and Wuhan Iron & Steel; the world's largest steel producer by output.

China Everbright Bank is a commercial bank based in Beijing. In September 2026 it said it would phase out retail leveraged gold and silver trading.

A Chinese state-owned nonferrous-metals mining conglomerate founded in 1983 with resource operations across more than 40 countries; its NFC subsidiary holds a 51% stake in, and serves as the main contractor for, the Dairi Prima Mineral project.

A wholly owned Singapore subsidiary Coal India incorporated on August 24, 2026, built to explore, structure and manage the company's overseas critical-mineral investments across markets including Chile, Canada and Australia.

A Knoxville, Tennessee-based coal mining, exploration and development company advancing a portfolio of permitted metallurgical coal assets in North America, listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

A Chinese state-owned investment company controlled by China Reform Holdings Corporation; it provided $245 million in financing for the Dairi Prima Mineral project around June 2024.

CNNC Overseas (CNOL) is a subsidiary of China National Uranium (CNUC). In 2026 it became Bannerman Energy's 45% partner in Namibia's Etango uranium project.

India's state-owned coal miner, founded in 1975 and responsible for roughly 80% of the country's coal output through 322 mines — a Maharatna-status company now expanding into other minerals like iron ore.

A US photonics and optical components company that buys indium phosphide substrates to manufacture optical transceivers for data-center networking.

A US-based photonics and laser company that manufactures indium phosphide wafers and optical components for data-center and telecom networks.

A major German bank headquartered in Frankfurt and one of the companies in Germany's DAX stock index, whose commodity research team regularly publishes short-term price and supply outlooks on metals including copper.

A San Francisco-based early-stage venture capital firm, founded in 2017, focused on climate and energy-transition technology startups.

A US utility that operates the largest fleet of nuclear power plants in the country, including reactors it is restarting and extending the life of to meet growing electricity demand.

An Australian hard-rock lithium miner that owns the Finniss lithium project near Darwin in the Northern Territory, currently under care and maintenance.

A San Leandro, California battery-materials company building silicon anodes from domestic metallurgical silicon as a higher-capacity substitute for imported graphite in lithium-ion cells.

A US-listed (NASDAQ: CRML) mining company that owns 92.5% of the Tanbreez rare-earth project in southern Greenland, one of the world's largest known rare-earth deposits.

A Danish self-owned, non-profit research and technology institute founded in 1906 that develops and applies industrial and engineering knowledge for Danish and international businesses; it serves as project manager for CIRCUIT.

India's first and only listed gold exploration company, with projects in India and, via its Altyn Tor project in Kyrgyzstan, abroad.

A Perth-based uranium developer focused on the Tumas project in Namibia, part of a plan to build a multi-mine operation targeting more than 10 million pounds of annual production.

India's primary military research and development agency under the Ministry of Defence, responsible for designing indigenous weapons, radar, and electronic-warfare systems for the armed forces.

A US producer of canned fruits and vegetables tracing back to the 1880s that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 2025.

A Houston-based nuclear startup developing the Unity microreactor, a roughly 1-megawatt advanced reactor design.

An Australian royalty company spun off from BHP in 2020, holding a royalty over BHP's Mining Area C iron ore operation in Western Australia's Pilbara region and a royalty over the Thacker Pass lithium project in the United States.

An ASX-listed mining company transitioning from a mining-services provider into a multi-project resources producer, developing the Pioneer Dome lithium and Yitirrti copper-zinc-silver projects in Western Australia.

An international financial advisory firm that reports on and analyzes precious metals market surveys, including the LBMA's annual analyst forecast survey.

A Canadian-listed mining company that owns 100% of the Vareš silver-lead-zinc mine in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

A US-based manufacturer of precision optics, lenses and imaging components whose infrared products depend on germanium's optical properties, for which there is no direct substitute material.

Emirates Global Aluminium, the UAE's largest industrial company outside oil and gas, operating major smelters including Al Taweelah.

An EU-backed innovation network, established in 2015, that supports mining, materials and manufacturing companies working to secure Europe's raw materials supply chains.

A Danish electronics recycling company and the lead applicant behind the CIRCUIT project, which aims to recover reusable components and critical raw materials from end-of-life printed circuit boards.

American Resources Corporation's majority-owned battery-recycling subsidiary, focused on preprocessing end-of-life batteries, magnets and ferrous metals to recover copper, aluminum, steel and rare-earth elements.

A battery-materials company, backed by TPG Rise Climate and Applied Materials, that manufactures ultra-thin lithium-metal films used to increase battery energy density and charging speed.

An ASX- and Nasdaq-listed lithium producer renamed from Sayona Mining in 2025, whose assets include the North American Lithium operation and the Moblan project in Quebec, plus projects in the United States, Ghana and Western Australia.

A US activist investment firm that holds 6.2% of Northern Star Resources and has pushed for a strategic review.

The UAE government-owned entity that built and operates the Barakah nuclear power plant, the Arab world's first multi-unit nuclear power complex.

A Canadian silver mining company focused on Mexico, developing the Terronera project as one of its primary silver-producing assets.

An Italian multinational integrated energy company headquartered in Rome, active in oil and gas exploration, production and energy transition projects worldwide.

A UK-based metals recycling company whose executive chairman, Tom Bird, has argued publicly against restrictive scrap metal export policies.

A Vancouver, Canada-headquartered mining company, listed on the TSX under the ticker ERO, that explores, develops and produces copper and gold from mining projects in Brazil.

An Indian industrial conglomerate that owns Mesabi Metallics, the developer of Minnesota's first new iron ore mine in 50 years.

The central bank for the eurozone's member countries, responsible for euro-area monetary policy and for publishing regular assessments of the euro's international standing relative to the dollar and gold.

The European Commission is the executive arm of the European Union. It drafts the list of non-OECD countries allowed to receive EU waste under the Waste Shipment Regulation.

A Canadian clean-technology company whose patented chemistry recovers gold and other precious metals from electronic waste at room temperature within minutes; The Royal Mint took an approximate 8% equity stake in the firm in April 2025.

One of India's largest battery makers, expanding from lead-acid batteries into lithium-ion cell manufacturing through an advanced chemistry cell plant under construction in Bengaluru.

Canada's export credit agency, which provides financing and insurance to support Canadian businesses and projects.

An Australian exploration company primarily focused on gold at its Pyramid Hill project in Victoria, with early-stage rare earth mineral discoveries alongside its main gold target.

One of the twelve regional banks in the US Federal Reserve System; its Manhattan vault already holds gold on behalf of dozens of foreign governments and international institutions, making it a natural destination for reserves moving out of London.

A Canada-based primary silver mining company listed in New York and Toronto, operating mines primarily in Mexico including San Dimas and the recently acquired Los Gatos underground mine in Chihuahua.

A mutual insurance company specializing in commercial and industrial property risk engineering, known for pairing loss-prevention site inspections with insurance coverage rather than only paying claims after a loss occurs.

A Michigan-based automaker and one of the largest vehicle manufacturers in the United States, with production and parts sourcing that spans both sides of the US-Canada border.

An Australian iron ore producer that mines in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

A Finnish state-controlled energy company that operates nuclear, hydro and other power generation across the Nordic region, including the Loviisa nuclear plant in Finland.

A French nuclear reactor and fuel-manufacturing company majority-owned by EDF; it signed a fuel supply agreement with ENEC in July 2025 to manufacture fuel assemblies for Barakah at a plant in Richland, Washington.

La Generale des Carrieres et des Mines, the Democratic Republic of Congo's wholly state-owned mining company and holder of some of the country's largest copper and cobalt deposits.

A Vancouver-based gold mining company holding a 90% interest in the Asanko Gold Mine in Ghana, with the remaining interest held by the Ghanaian government.

A DRDO facility in Hyderabad originally built around gallium arsenide semiconductor technology, now also running limited-scale production of gallium nitride microwave integrated circuits for radar and electronic-warfare use.

A Chinese lithium producer and Lithium Argentina's partner at the Cauchari-Olaroz project.

The company whose Los Gatos underground silver mine in Chihuahua, Mexico First Majestic acquired a 70% joint-venture interest in through a $1.05 billion deal completed in January 2025.

An institutional infrastructure platform for physical precious metals, providing custody, logistics and marketplace execution for wealth managers and financial institutions; led by co-founder and CEO Steven Feldman.

A Detroit-based automaker and one of the largest vehicle manufacturers in the United States, operating an integrated manufacturing footprint across the US, Canada and Mexico.

Cuba's state-owned mining company, which holds a 50% interest in the Moa Joint Venture alongside Sherritt International.

A Perth-based, ASX-listed gold producer with mines in Western Australia's Leonora and Laverton districts, currently pursuing a takeover of Vault Minerals.

A UK company that plans to extract lithium carbonate from geothermal brine in Cornwall, with commercial production targeted for 2029.

The single-family office of the Washburne family, led by Ray Washburne, a former adviser to US President Donald Trump and former head of the US Overseas Private Investment Corporation.

The technology company and Alphabet subsidiary that operates large-scale global data centers, increasingly securing nuclear power agreements to meet their electricity demand.

A battery-recycling technology company whose Atoka, Oklahoma plant, opened in 2024, was North America's first commercial-scale facility converting recycled lithium-ion battery black mass directly into cathode precursor material.

A Nasdaq-listed company (GRML), renamed from Klotho Neurosciences in March 2026, developing a multi-asset critical-minerals platform in Greenland spanning rare-earth, palladium-platinum-gold and alumina projects.

A Gujarat state government-owned mining company and one of India's largest lignite producers, now developing the state's Ambadungar rare earth deposit alongside NMDC.

The Indian arm of Haier, a Chinese multinational home appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer.

A Japanese general trading company founded in 1947 and headquartered in Osaka and Tokyo, with steel and metals accounting for roughly half of its sales.

A global merchant commodities firm founded in 1997 and headquartered in New York, trading energy, metals, agriculture and environmental products, and jointly owned by its senior management and funds managed by Oaktree Capital Management.

The largest primary silver producer in the United States and Canada, headquartered in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and the oldest precious-metals mining company listed on the NYSE, with mines including Greens Creek in Alaska and Lucky Friday in Idaho.

A Vancouver-based gold producer and developer, incorporated in 1983, with operating mines in Mexico including La Colorada and San Agustin, plus a development and exploration portfolio including the Ana Paula gold-silver project in Guerrero.

A Texas-based startup developing a single-step process to make high-purity iron and steel. It runs a 360-tonne-a-year demonstration plant in Conroe, Texas.

Highlander Silver is a Toronto-headquartered precious metals company developing advanced-stage silver and gold-silver projects in Peru, including Corani, and operates the producing Mercedes gold-silver mine in Mexico. It trades on the TSX and NYSE American under the ticker HSLV.

India's only vertically integrated copper producer, state-owned, and one of KABIL's three founding partner companies.

India's largest integrated zinc-lead-silver producer, headquartered in Udaipur, Rajasthan, and a subsidiary in which Vedanta Limited holds a 64.9% stake.

Honey Badger Silver is a Canadian silver and critical-minerals developer with eight wholly owned projects across the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut, trading as TSX-V: TUF, and owns the PC Silver Mine (Prairie Creek).

A TSX Venture Exchange-listed Canadian mineral exploration company (TSXV: TUF) that acquired the Prairie Creek zinc-lead-silver project in the Northwest Territories in April 2026, led by Executive Chairman and Interim CEO Chad Williams, founder of Red Cloud Securities and former CEO of Victoria Gold.

A Johannesburg Stock Exchange-listed, black-empowerment investment holding company with interests spanning media, gaming, transport, mining and property, and a long-standing shareholder in Platinum Group Metals.

A Shenzhen-listed (002906.SZ) Chinese manufacturer founded in 1993 and headquartered in Huizhou, Guangdong, also known internationally as Foryou Corporation; it makes automotive electronics, precision die-cast components, optoelectronic parts and LED lighting.

A Nasdaq-listed gold and silver development company that owns and is advancing the Hycroft Mine, a large gold-silver deposit in Nevada's Basin and Range mineral district.

The state-owned electricity generator of Tasmania, which runs mainly on hydroelectric power.

A Toronto-headquartered gold producer listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange, whose flagship asset is the Côté Gold mine in northeastern Ontario.

ICICI Bank is one of India's largest private-sector banks, headquartered in Mumbai. Its research arm publishes regular outlooks on currencies, rates and commodities including gold.

A Johannesburg-based, JSE-listed producer and the world's second-largest platinum group metals miner, with operations across South Africa's Bushveld Complex, Zimbabwe's Great Dyke and Canada's Lac des Iles mine.

The Indian Primary Copper Producers Association represents India's primary copper producers. Its president is Rohit Pathak.

A state-owned Indian company under the Department of Atomic Energy that mines and processes rare earth minerals and other beach-sand minerals, and is Toyota Tsusho's partner in India's main rare earth refining venture.

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is the world's largest lender by assets. It stopped offering retail leveraged precious-metals trading on July 24, 2026.

An intergovernmental organization of copper-producing and copper-using countries, headquartered in Lisbon, that publishes the monthly statistical bulletins tracking the world's refined copper production, consumption and market balance.

An intergovernmental organization headquartered in Lisbon that tracks and publishes monthly global production, consumption and trade statistics for lead and zinc.

An industry body representing molybdenum producers and users, which publishes quarterly global production and use statistics.

A lithium-boron developer building the Rhyolite Ridge project in Nevada, one of a small number of advanced-stage lithium deposits in the United States.

An Australian rare earth developer based in Melbourne, building mining, refining and recycling operations anchored by the Makuutu heavy rare earth project in Uganda and a magnet-recycling demonstration plant in Belfast.

A central government-owned enterprise and India's dedicated rare earth minerals miner and processor, formerly known as Indian Rare Earths Limited.

An iron ore mining and processing operation based in Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, majority owned by Rio Tinto with Mitsubishi Corporation and Labrador Iron Ore Royalty Corporation as minority owners.

A Tempe, Arizona-headquartered mineral exploration and development company, listed on the NYSE under the ticker IE, focused on copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt and platinum-group-element projects in the United States and Canada.

A Melbourne, Australia-headquartered cobalt and nickel supplier whose assets include the Idaho Cobalt Operations mine near Salmon, Idaho, plus cobalt refining operations in Finland and Brazil; the company went private in 2025 after a restructuring.

A Thai jewelry manufacturer whose factory opened in 2009, employing around 110 people.

The Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security, a Japanese government agency established in 2004 that finances and supports overseas resource development to secure Japan's metals and energy supply.

A UK-based sustainable technologies company and one of the world's leading refiners and processors of platinum group metals, publishing an annual market report widely used as an industry benchmark for platinum, palladium and rhodium supply and demand.

A Kerala-founded, Dubai-headquartered jewellery retail chain with a large network of showrooms across India and the Gulf.

The largest bank in the United States by assets, whose research and trading desks publish widely cited commodity price forecasts.

A Japanese company in advanced materials related to copper, minor metals and nonferrous metals.

A Japanese metals and materials producer that manufactures indium phosphide substrates for optical communications, one of three companies controlling the large majority of global supply.

A Thai jewelry manufacturer founded in 1979, employing around 550 people.

Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of NALCO, Hindustan Copper Limited and Mineral Exploration and Consultancy Limited under India's Ministry of Mines, set up to acquire and develop overseas critical-mineral assets for India.

A copper-cobalt mining joint venture in the Democratic Republic of Congo, majority-owned by Glencore with state miner Gécamines as its minority partner.

A subsidiary of BC-based Infracon Construction developing a former phosphate mine near Kapuskasing, Ontario, whose tailings are estimated to also hold significant rare earth, scandium, niobium and tantalum content.

An Indian manufacturer of power cables, wires and stainless steel wires, serving both domestic infrastructure and export markets.

A trade body representing gold and silver jewellery retailers in Kerala.

A refining-catalyst manufacturer formerly wholly owned by Albemarle Corporation, now majority-owned and operated by KPS Capital Partners after Albemarle sold a 51% controlling stake in 2026.

A state-backed Indian entity mandated to identify and secure overseas critical mineral assets, including lithium and cobalt, through exploration agreements and bilateral partnerships.

An ASX-listed gold producer operating the Chatree gold mine in central Thailand and developing the Nueva Esperanza project in Chile.

A Toronto-headquartered senior gold producer with mines in the United States, Brazil, Mauritania and Chile, listed on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker KGC.

A Silicon Valley-based mineral exploration company backed by Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos and mining major BHP; it holds an 80% stake in Zambia's Mingomba copper project alongside the state investment vehicle ZCCM-IH.

South Korea's state-controlled electric utility, which supplied the APR-1400 reactor design and provided equity financing for Barakah alongside operator ENEC.

A KEPCO subsidiary that operates most of South Korea's nuclear and hydroelectric plants, and is reportedly in talks with ENEC and KEPCO about additional reactor units at Barakah.

A member firm of the KPMG International professional-services network, providing audit, tax and advisory services to Indian businesses and government bodies; served as knowledge partner for FICCI's 2026 mining-and-metals technology conference.

A New York-based private equity firm that specializes in acquiring and operating manufacturing and industrial businesses, including Albemarle's former refining-catalyst unit, Ketjen.

A London-based investment manager and Sherritt's largest economic stakeholder, holding roughly 15% of its common shares and about a third of its outstanding notes.

A Canadian royalty company (TSX: LIF) that holds a 15.10% equity interest and a 7% gross overriding royalty on iron ore sales from the Iron Ore Company of Canada, without operating a mine itself.

An Australian lithium developer whose main asset is the Kachi lithium brine project in Catamarca province, Argentina.

A Bozeman, Montana company that custom-grows silicon and germanium crystals for infrared optics, laser systems and semiconductor applications, including defense-related uses.

An Indian stock and commodity trading app operated by NU Investors Technologies, offering broking and research to retail investors.

A New York-listed critical minerals company developing the Kabanga Nickel Project in Tanzania, one of the world's largest and highest-grade undeveloped nickel sulphide deposits.

A Reston, Virginia-based, NASDAQ-listed nuclear fuel technology company developing a proprietary uranium-zirconium alloy metallic fuel for current and future reactors.

An Australian lithium producer operating the Kathleen Valley mine in Western Australia, one of the newest hard-rock lithium mines to reach production in the state.

A lithium producer that operates the Cauchari-Olaroz brine project in northern Argentina with China's Ganfeng Lithium.

A Canadian lithium exploration and development company advancing the Bandeira spodumene project in Brazil's Minas Gerais state, one of several projects in the region known as Brazil's 'Lithium Valley.'

An Indian mining and metals company that operates the Surjagarh mine in Maharashtra, India's largest single iron ore mining operation, and has expanded into iron ore pellets, direct reduced iron, an integrated steel plant, and copper-cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

A Greater Noida-based Indian lithium-ion battery recycling and second-life battery company, holding an estimated 70% share of India's formal battery recycling market.

One of the largest independent broker-dealers in the United States, whose in-house research team publishes closely watched US economic forecasts.

A South Korean copper smelter and refiner that also produces gold as a by-product and is working with the central bank on domestic gold purchases.

A Canadian mining company with copper and zinc operations across the Americas and Europe, including a joint-venture stake in the Vicuña copper district spanning Chile and Argentina.

A Canadian mining company headquartered in Vancouver that operates the nickel-copper Eagle Mine in Michigan, among other global mining assets.

American Lithium's Peruvian subsidiary, which holds and is developing the Falchani volcanic-hosted lithium deposit in southern Peru.

A leading Indian automaker known for utility vehicles, tractors and a growing electric vehicle lineup, part of the Mahindra Group.

A Kerala-founded multinational jewellery retailer, one of India's largest gold and diamond retail chains by showroom count.

India's largest passenger car manufacturer by sales volume, a subsidiary of Japan's Suzuki Motor Corporation.

An Indian brokerage offering equity, commodity and currency broking, whose research desk regularly comments on MCX gold and silver movements.

A Seoul-based private equity firm that has allied with Young Poong since 2024 to seek control of Korea Zinc.

A commodity logistics and trade-finance company, founded in 2016, providing ocean freight and inland transportation services across North America for the global metals, steel and industrial commodities markets.

A Canadian-listed mining company advancing the Cabaçal gold-copper-silver project in Mato Grosso, Brazil, aiming to become a mid-tier copper-gold developer and producer.

A US iron ore producer owned by India's Essar Group, operating a new mine and pellet plant at Nashwauk, Minnesota, designed for up to 7 million tons a year of DR-grade pellets.

A Greek industrial group spanning energy and metals production, building new European gallium refining capacity aimed at reducing the region's reliance on Chinese supply.

A logistics and fleet-transport provider partnering with Hindustan Zinc to deploy and operate electric trucks and charging infrastructure for mine-to-smelter concentrate haulage.

A Hyderabad-based company building a sintered NdFeB rare-earth magnet plant with 500 tonnes of annual capacity in its first phase.

A Hyderabad-based Indian mining and minerals company, the first private Indian firm to secure mining assets overseas through its 2026 agreement with Indonesia's PERMINAS.

Venezuela's state-owned gold mining company, placed under US Treasury sanctions in March 2019.

The Government of India ministry responsible for mineral policy, auctions of mineral blocks and the Geological Survey of India.

The Government of India ministry that sets policy for the steel sector. Its senior civil servant is Steel Secretary Sandeep Poundrik.

A Tokyo-headquartered materials group with smelting, refining, cement and electronic-materials businesses, and a joint owner of Indonesia's Gresik copper smelter.

A Melbourne-headquartered, Hong Kong-listed mining company that is the international arm of state-owned China Minmetals Corporation; it leads the consortium operating the Las Bambas copper mine in Peru.

A London-based precious metals firm whose managing director for the Middle East and Asia is Hiren Chandaria.

A Canadian-listed gold company building the Koné mine in Côte d'Ivoire, which poured first gold on September 26, 2026.

An Indian financial services company founded in 1987 offering broking, wealth management, investment banking and asset management, whose equity research arm publishes stock ratings and price targets.

An open-pit copper-cobalt mine in the DRC's Lualaba Province, roughly 95% owned and operated by Glencore.

Kazakhstan's central bank, responsible for the country's monetary policy and official reserve management.

Poland's central bank, headquartered in Warsaw, which has been the world's largest single sovereign gold buyer for two consecutive years while framing its reserve target in national-security terms.

The organisation that runs India's retail payment systems, including UPI and RuPay. It was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and the Indian Banks' Association.

India's largest stock exchange, which lists Electronic Gold Receipts alongside shares and ETFs.

A French corporate and investment bank that is part of Groupe BPCE. Its commodities research team publishes regular gold price forecasts.

A semiconductor company specializing in gallium nitride and silicon carbide power chips, supporting 800VDC power architecture for next-generation AI data center computing platforms.

A Kolkata-based lithium-ion battery recycling company that recovers lithium, cobalt, nickel and other battery metals from end-of-life batteries at its eastern India facility.

Neo Performance Materials is a Toronto-listed (TSX: NEO) rare earth processor and magnet maker that operates the only integrated neodymium-iron-boron magnet plant outside China, at Narva, Estonia.

A Vancouver-based battery metals investment company that holds an 8.56% joint-venture interest in the Ramu nickel-cobalt operation in Papua New Guinea, offering shareholders exposure to nickel and cobalt without operating the mine directly.

A development-stage company advancing the Elk Creek Critical Minerals Project in southeast Nebraska, targeting production of niobium, scandium, titanium and rare-earth elements from a single ore body.

A Minnesota-based magnet developer building iron nitride permanent magnets that require no rare earth elements, positioned as a domestic alternative to China-dependent neodymium magnet supply chains.

A Copenhagen-based startup founded in December 2024 that has developed a molten-salt technology to recover critical and strategic minerals, including tantalum and rare earth elements, from end-of-life electronics and other waste streams at lower processing temperatures than conventional smelting.

A Moscow-headquartered mining and metallurgical company and the world's largest producer of refined palladium, supplying close to 40% of global mined output alongside nickel, platinum and copper.

A Norwegian aluminium and renewable-energy company that operates Alunorte in Brazil, one of the world's largest alumina refineries.

A Johannesburg-based, JSE-listed producer of platinum group metals, operating the Zondereinde, Booysendal and Eland mines in South Africa's Bushveld Complex; led by chief executive Paul Dunne.

A Canadian mineral exploration company, formerly known as Canadian Zinc Corporation, that owned the Prairie Creek project for decades before Resource Capital Fund VI took it private in 2022; Honey Badger Silver acquired the project from RCF in 2026.

A US metals-processing technology company whose patented electro-extraction platform recovers cobalt, nickel and other critical metals from recycled battery scrap and mining waste.

India's largest power generation company, a state-run utility that is also building roughly 30 gigawatts of the country's planned 100-gigawatt nuclear capacity.

India's state-owned nuclear power operator under the Department of Atomic Energy, which has built and run all of the country's currently operating nuclear reactors and is expected to supply about 54 GW of India's 100 GW target for 2047.

A Utah-based nuclear technology company developing a uranium enrichment process for high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) that avoids traditional gas centrifuges and uranium hexafluoride.

An Oregon-based company that designs small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs); its 77-megawatt module was the first SMR design certified by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

A state-owned mining company in Odisha that supplies bauxite and other minerals.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, an intergovernmental body whose Steel Committee tracks global steel capacity and trade.

The US government agency that develops and coordinates US trade policy. It is led by US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer.

A Johannesburg-based, JSE-listed chemicals group founded in 1953, serving the mining industry through its BME blasting-solutions brand and the agriculture sector through its Omnia Fertilizer and Nutriology businesses.

The Canadian developer of the Windfall gold project, acquired in full by Gold Fields in 2024 for C$2.16 billion.

A Finland-based stainless steel producer and one of the world's largest recyclers of stainless steel scrap.

An ASX- and TSX-listed uranium producer headquartered in Perth, Australia, that owns 75% of the restarted Langer Heinrich mine in Namibia and holds exploration assets in Canada and Australia, including the Patterson Lake South project.

Pan American Silver is a Vancouver-based mining company founded by Ross Beaty in 1994, with silver and gold mines in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, trading on the TSX and NYSE under the ticker PAAS.

A Danish jewellery manufacturer and one of the world's largest jewellery makers by volume, historically known for silver charm bracelets and rings.

A manufacturer of copper conductors and busbars used in electrical infrastructure equipment.

A junior mining company developing the MEGA tungsten project in Elko County, Nevada, reviving a deposit last mined roughly 40 years ago as US tariffs and defense-procurement rules push demand toward non-Chinese tungsten supply.

A St. Louis-headquartered coal company and one of the world's largest coal producers, supplying both thermal and metallurgical coal to power and steel customers across more than two dozen countries.

Indonesia's state-owned pawnbroker, founded in 1901 and now a subsidiary of Bank Rakyat Indonesia; it handles the physical vaulting and monetization side of the country's bullion-banking system.

An ASX-listed uranium company that owns the Lance in-situ recovery project in Wyoming, the largest single uranium project in the US by disclosed resources.

PT Perusahaan Mineral Nasional, Indonesia's state-owned national minerals company, formed to consolidate and manage the country's strategic mineral resources.

A Moscow-headquartered mining company and the world's largest producer of refined nickel, which also refines cobalt at its Kola Peninsula complex in Russia.

A Vancouver-based, TSX- and NYSE American-listed mining company whose principal asset is the Waterberg platinum-group-metals project on South Africa's Bushveld Complex, currently in pre-construction with no revenue.

A Vancouver-based mineral exploration and development company, founded in 2002, focused on advancing the Waterberg platinum-palladium project in South Africa's Bushveld Complex; listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (PTM) and NYSE American (PLG).

India's largest wires and cables manufacturer by revenue, also selling fast-moving electrical goods (FMEG) such as fans, switches and lighting under its own brand.

A German sports car manufacturer majority owned by the Volkswagen Group, known for models including the 911, Taycan and Cayenne.

POSCO is a South Korean steelmaker founded in 1968 and headquartered in Pohang, operating integrated steel mills in Pohang and Gwangyang and trading as POSCO Holdings on the Korea Exchange and NYSE.

The trading and investment arm of South Korea's POSCO Group, sourcing raw materials for industrial customers and increasingly pursuing rare earth and battery-material supply outside China.

Thailand's largest fine jewelry manufacturer, founded in 1973 and listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand since 1990, supplying fine jewelry brands across the US, Europe and Asia.

An engineering and plant-technology company for the metals industry, headquartered in London and part of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries group.

Founded at Princeton University in 2019, this company runs a commercial-scale lithium-ion battery direct-recycling facility in South Carolina that recovers and rejuvenates cathode materials using a low-temperature process.

An Indonesian mining company developing the underground Dairi zinc-lead deposit in North Sumatra, owned 51% by China Nonferrous Metal Mining through its NFC subsidiary and 49% by PT Bumi Resources Minerals.

An Indonesian copper smelting and refining company operating the Gresik plant, jointly owned by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation and Freeport-McMoRan's Indonesian unit, and the primary domestic processor of concentrate from the Grasberg mining complex.

Indonesia's state-owned tin miner and a subsidiary of the MIND ID mining holding group, PT Timah is the world's largest integrated tin producer, running mining, smelting and refining operations centered on the Bangka Belitung Islands.

The Australian arm of the global professional services firm PwC, which publishes regular analysis of Australia's mining and critical minerals investment pipeline.

A Qatar-based aluminium smelter that declared force majeure amid the 2026 Iran war's disruption to Gulf energy and shipping.

Namibia's oldest gold mine, an open-pit operation near Karibib commissioned in 1989 that produces roughly 70,000 ounces of gold a year, with silver as a byproduct.

A Santa Barbara, California photonics startup founded in 2019 that commercializes gallium arsenide quantum-dot lasers for AI data center optical networking, spun out of research at UC Santa Barbara.

Rainbow Rare Earths is a London-listed (LSE: RBW) rare earths developer advancing the Phalaborwa project in South Africa alongside the Uberaba project in Brazil and the Gakara project in Burundi.

A Lexington, Kentucky-headquartered producer and developer of low-cost metallurgical coal in southern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia, also developing a rare earth and critical minerals project in Wyoming.

Rare Earths Americas is an exploration-stage rare earth company that listed on the NYSE American (REA) in May 2026, advancing heavy rare earth projects in Brazil, including Homer, alongside its Shiloh project in Georgia, United States.

A nuclear fuel-cycle company developing a uranium oxide-to-hexafluoride conversion process that avoids elemental fluorine, aimed at expanding US domestic conversion capacity.

Recycling Europe is an association of European recyclers. Its secretary general is Julia Ettinger.

American Resources Corporation's refining affiliate, which processes recovered battery and rare-earth material into technical- and battery-grade products including lithium.

An ASX-listed Australian gold miner that withdrew its merger offer for Vault Minerals after Genesis Minerals tabled a higher bid, collecting a break fee for doing so.

An Australian gold mining company with more than 30 years of history as an explorer, developer and operator in Africa, currently running the Syama mine in Mali and the Mako mine in Senegal.

Russia's largest oil producer and a state-controlled energy company that took over the Tomtor rare earth deposit project in 2025.

A South African manufacturer of coated and colour-coated steel products, operating a coil-coating facility in Cato Ridge, KwaZulu-Natal.

Saudi Arabia's state-controlled mining company, established in 1997 to develop the Kingdom's mineral wealth beyond oil; active in phosphate, aluminium, gold and copper, and increasingly in rare earths and critical minerals.

A London-listed (AIM) mining company that is the sole owner of the Barroso lithium project in northern Portugal, targeting supply to Europe's battery and electric-vehicle industry.

A Toronto-headquartered multinational bank and one of Canada's largest financial institutions, whose equity research division covers mining and metals companies including major copper producers.

A South Korean molybdenum, ferrovanadium and non-ferrous metals processor and part of the SeAH Group steel conglomerate; by its own description, the world's second-largest molybdenum oxide smelter.

Selkirk Copper Mines is a Canadian junior miner majority owned by Yukon's Selkirk First Nation, formed to restart the past-producing Minto copper-gold-silver mine.

A renewable independent power producer founded in 2022, backed by roughly $650 million from KKR, that supplies round-the-clock solar, wind and storage-backed power to heavy industrial customers in India.

A Chinese gold mining company that owns Cardinal Namdini Mining in Ghana.

The Shanghai Gold Exchange (SGE) is China's main platform for physical precious-metals trading. Contracts such as Au(T+D) and Ag(T+D) trade on it.

A Toronto-listed nickel and cobalt producer that mines ore in Cuba through the Moa Joint Venture and refines it at a hydrometallurgical plant in Alberta, Canada.

A state-owned investment holding platform ultimately controlled by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) of Mianyang, Sichuan province, used to hold strategic equity stakes in industrial companies on the local government's behalf.

A Chinese-controlled copper mining company operating in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

A California-based battery materials company that manufactures silicon-carbon anodes for lithium-ion battery cells, expanding into defense-linked applications like satellites, drones and munitions.

An ASX-listed (ASX: SVL) Australian mineral exploration and development company that owns the Bowdens Silver Project near Mudgee, New South Wales, described as one of the largest undeveloped silver deposits in the world.

A silver-focused exploration company with projects in Alaska, Nevada and New Mexico, including the Red Mountain and Mogollon deposits.

An MIT spinout developing technology to recover copper and other metals from mining waste streams, currently running recovery trials with major miners including BHP and Rio Tinto.

A French multinational bank headquartered in Paris, one of the largest banks in the eurozone, whose commodities research team publishes regular gold and precious-metals market analysis.

A French multinational bank and one of Europe's largest financial-markets research houses, whose commodities analysts model exchange arbitrage and policy-probability signals for institutional clients.

A Japanese trading house (sogo shosha) that partners with Alcoa on the Wagerup gallium project through the Japan Australia Gallium Associates joint venture.

A Nagpur-headquartered manufacturer of industrial explosives, detonators and defence ammunition, founded in 1995 and operating in more than 50 countries.

A DRDO laboratory based in Delhi that researches semiconductor materials and solid-state devices for defence use, and led the fabrication work behind India's indigenous gallium nitride chip.

A Belgian chemicals group headquartered in Brussels, founded in 1863, and one of the few companies in Europe with commercial-scale rare-earth separation and processing capability.

A mine-developer-cum-operator controlled by Sajjan Jindal's JSW Group, engaged by Hindustan Copper to reopen and run the Rakha and Chapri copper mines in Jharkhand.

A Grupo Mexico subsidiary and major copper producer in Peru and Mexico, also a significant molybdenum byproduct producer.

A dual-listed (JSE:SDL, ASX:SPD) platinum-group-metals developer whose flagship project, Bengwenyama, sits on the PGM-rich Eastern Limb of South Africa's Bushveld Complex.

Spark Energy Minerals is a Vancouver-based, CSE-listed explorer (CSE: SPRK) focused on gallium, rare earth, scandium and lithium targets at its Arapaima project in Brazil's Minas Gerais state.

A Toronto-based investment manager specializing in precious metals and critical materials, known for its physical commodity trusts and ETFs.

Sociedad Quimica y Minera de Chile, one of the world's largest lithium producers, extracting lithium from brine deposits in Chile's Atacama salt flats alongside its fertilizer and iodine businesses.

PT Solder Tin Andalan Indonesia, an Arsari Tambang subsidiary that manufactures tin-based solder products at a factory in Batam, Indonesia, opened in July 2025.

A US company building a $1.2 billion battery-grade lithium carbonate refinery in Muskogee, Oklahoma, designed to reach 50,000 metric tons of annual capacity across two construction phases.

A Maharatna public sector steelmaker operating integrated plants across India, supplying flat and long steel products to infrastructure, railways, automotive and defence customers.

A European semiconductor manufacturer that co-unveiled complete GaN-based power conversion ICs with Texas Instruments in March 2026, targeting 800VDC data center applications.

The North, Central and South American arm of Sumitomo Corporation, one of Japan's largest general trading companies, handling sourcing, logistics and distribution across metals, energy and other sectors.

A Japanese non-ferrous metals and mining company headquartered in Tokyo, and Iamgold's joint-venture partner at the Côté Gold mine.

An Australian mining company developing what would be the world's first primary scandium mine, targeting the high-heat aluminum alloy market used in fighter jets and spacecraft.

An Austin, Texas-based startup founded in 2024 that holds an exclusive commercial licence to US Department of Energy-developed technology for extracting uranium from seawater.

A Canadian lithium exploration company listed on the TSX Venture Exchange, developing the Nevada North Lithium Project in Elko County, Nevada as the joint venture's operator.

A South Africa-focused platinum group metals producer that has operated for over 18 years, running the Sylvania Dump Operations and, more recently, the Thaba Joint Venture, led by CEO Jaco Prinsloo.

An independent, non-partisan strategic affairs think tank based in Bengaluru, focused on geopolitics, national security and emerging technologies.

Taiwan's state-owned electricity utility, which operated the island's nuclear plants and must complete safety inspections before Maanshan can restart.

India's largest branded jewellery retailer, owned by Titan Company, a Tata Group company.

A major Indian automaker producing passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles and electric vehicles, part of the Tata Group.

A UK company planning a £185 million lithium refinery in Teesside, backed by £18.3 million from the DRIVE35 fund.

A US advanced nuclear reactor developer building the Natrium plant, a sodium-cooled fast reactor design that runs on high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) fuel.

A US electric vehicle and clean-energy company headquartered in Austin, Texas, which has shifted a growing share of its production toward cobalt-free lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery cells since 2020.

A US-based semiconductor company that unveiled GaN-based 800V power conversion chips in March 2026 for AI data center power architecture.

A Cyprus-incorporated, dual-listed (Johannesburg and London) chrome and platinum group metals producer that operates the Tharisa mine on South Africa's Bushveld Complex.

A development-stage company aiming to mine polymetallic nodules containing nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese from the Clarion Clipperton Zone of the Pacific Ocean.

The United Kingdom's official coin-maker, wholly owned by HM Treasury, with a history in precious metals and coinage dating back more than 1,100 years; it now also produces investment bullion and, since 2022, jewellery under its 886 by The Royal Mint brand.

Japan's largest automaker and the world's biggest carmaker by vehicle sales, headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture.

A Japanese trading and investment company within the Toyota Group, active in metals, chemicals and rare earth supply chains, including a rare earth refining joint venture in Andhra Pradesh, India, running since 2012.

South Africa's state-owned freight rail, port and pipeline operator, which runs the country's major ports, including Ngqura in the Eastern Cape.

A Canadian company developing the Troilus gold-copper project, a former mine about 170 km north of Chibougamau, Quebec.

A titanium dioxide pigment maker with about 5,700 employees that also mines mineral sands containing rare earths.

A Nova Scotia-headquartered company developing RapidSX, a proprietary rare earth separation technology, at a demonstration facility in Kingston, Ontario.

A public research university in Stuttgart, Germany, whose Institute for Robust Power Semiconductor Systems focuses on power electronics research.

A US-based manufacturer of drone components and parts, positioned as a domestic alternative to Chinese-made drone supply chains.

A Los Angeles-based nuclear startup developing high-temperature gas reactors, including the Ward 250 test reactor built and operated outside the US national laboratory system.

Vale's copper and nickel business, run as a distinct subsidiary since 2024 with its own CEO, covering operations including the Carajas region's Bacaba copper project in Brazil.

A publicly listed Indonesian nickel mining and processing company, majority-owned by Brazil's Vale, and a distinct listed entity from its global parent.

An Australian gold producer that was the target of a bidding contest between Genesis Minerals and Regis Resources before agreeing to Genesis's higher offer.

An Australian Securities Exchange-listed (ASX: VMM) mineral explorer and developer whose flagship asset is the Colossus ionic-adsorption-clay rare-earth project in Minas Gerais, Brazil, alongside exploration ground in Australia and Canada.

Vitol is a Netherlands-founded, Switzerland-based energy and commodity trading company and one of the world's largest independent oil traders.

A privately held Brazilian industrial conglomerate with investments spanning metals, cement, steel, energy and other sectors across roughly 19 countries; it was Nexa Resources' controlling shareholder before agreeing to sell its stake to Boliden.

An Australian-listed developer building an integrated geothermal-lithium business in Germany's Upper Rhine Valley, extracting lithium directly from geothermal brine rather than through open-pit mining or evaporation ponds.

India's largest solar module manufacturer, now expanding into energy storage with a planned lithium-ion battery gigafactory in Andhra Pradesh.

An Alabama-based producer and exporter of premium steelmaking coal, operating underground longwall mines near Brookwood, Alabama, and the only US producer that mines exclusively steelmaking coal.

A Canada-listed lithium exploration company whose Chilean subsidiary, Kuska Minerals SpA, holds a lithium brine project in the Salar de Ollagüe near the Bolivian border.

A Brussels-based, not-for-profit association of electronics take-back and recycling organizations, founded in 2002, that researches and advocates for better management of waste electrical and electronic equipment across Europe and beyond.

A major US bank whose Investment Institute publishes precious-metals price outlooks for its wealth-management clients.

A subsidiary of state-owned Coal India Limited, operating coal mines across the Nagpur/Maharashtra region.

A US mining company developing the Coosa graphite deposit in Alabama to supply domestic battery manufacturing.

An organization funded by the platinum mining industry that publishes the quarterly Platinum Quarterly report, a widely used benchmark for global platinum supply and demand data.

The international investment arm of Abu Dhabi's state oil company ADNOC, launched in 2024 as a lower-carbon energy and chemicals investment vehicle.

A South Korean industrial group and major Korea Zinc shareholder, allied with MBK Partners against chairman Choi Yun-beom.

Argentina's majority state-owned integrated energy company, engaged in oil and gas exploration, production, refining and marketing, and a lead developer of the Vaca Muerta shale basin.

A China-based producer of germanium and related minor-metal products, one of at least 10 companies across the rare-earth and minor-metals supply chain to preannounce stronger first-half 2026 earnings tied to higher germanium, tantalum and indium prices.

A Chinese materials company that agreed to fund and execute drilling for Chariot Resources' Nigerian lithium project under a partner-funded term sheet.