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The refined, roughly 99.99%-pure form of copper produced at smelters and refineries, the standard unit traded on exchanges like the LME and COMEX and the base material for wire and cable manufacturing.

The finished form in which most Indian households buy gold -- rings, chains, bangles and bridal sets -- typically fabricated at 22-karat purity and priced above the day's bullion rate to cover making charges.

A white, water-soluble lithium salt refined from spodumene or lepidolite ore, used directly as a cathode-material precursor in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) EV batteries and as the feedstock for other lithium chemicals.

A powdered, partially processed form of mined copper ore that still requires smelting and refining before use; the product form targeted by producer-country export duties designed to push processing onshore.

Refined gold in bar or ingot form, typically 99.5% purity or higher, the standard form in which central banks and institutional investors hold gold as a reserve asset rather than for retail jewellery or coin use.

The intermediate white powder refined from bauxite ore and smelted into aluminium metal; alumina refinery output is a key supply bottleneck for the global aluminium industry.

The raw mined rock that gets smelted into iron and steel — priced and traded well upstream of the finished metal, and the single largest input cost for steelmaking.

An exchange-traded fund that holds physical gold or gold-linked assets, letting investors gain price exposure to gold without holding the physical metal directly.

Processed compounds of rare earth elements, the intermediate product form typically reported in exploration assays before further refining into individual rare earth metals or magnet alloys.

The basic, unrefined form of steel measured directly out of a blast furnace or electric arc furnace, before being rolled or finished into products such as rebar, plate or coil; the standard unit the World Steel Association uses to rank national and company-level production.

Permanent magnets made from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron, valued for their strength relative to size and used widely in electric vehicle motors, wind turbines, hard drives and consumer electronics.

Aluminium metal produced directly from bauxite ore via alumina refining and electrolytic smelting, as distinct from aluminium recovered by recycling scrap.

The standard refined form of zinc metal, typically 99.995% pure (Special High Grade), cast into blocks for shipment and used as feedstock for galvanizing and alloy production.

Primary aluminium cast into standard ingot form right after smelting, the base metal shape re-melted by foundries, rolling mills and extruders to make other aluminium products.

Finely crushed iron ore, under roughly 6mm, that must be sintered or pelletized before a blast furnace can use it — the largest single form of iron ore in global seaborne trade.

Permanent magnets, most commonly neodymium-iron-boron alloys, used in EV motors, wind turbines and defense and electronics hardware; their supply chain runs disproportionately through Chinese refining and separation capacity, which is why governments increasingly treat them as a strategic asset.

A processed lithium-ore concentrate, commonly benchmarked as SC6 for its roughly 6% lithium-oxide content, that hard-rock miners sell to refiners for conversion into battery-grade lithium chemicals.

Also called yellowcake, the processed uranium oxide concentrate that mines produce and sell by the pound before it is converted and enriched into nuclear reactor fuel.

Small, uniform balls made from finely ground, high-grade iron ore agglomerated with a binder and hardened by heat, used as blast furnace or direct-reduction feedstock where high-grade lump or fines ore is scarce.

Investment-grade silver cast into bars or coins at (typically) 999 fineness — the physical form held by investors and central banks, distinct from silver used in industrial applications like electronics and solar cells.

Copper drawn into wire form, the primary material used in electrical wiring, power transmission cables, and the cabling required inside data centers and EV drivetrains.

The refined, stamped form in which most sovereign and institutional gold reserves are held and traded; benchmarks like the London Bullion Market Association's Good Delivery standard set the purity, weight and markings major vaults and exchanges require before accepting a bar into official holdings.

A refined lithium chemical preferred for high-nickel NMC and NCA battery cathodes, typically commanding pricing distinct from lithium carbonate and more closely tied to premium, longer-range EV battery demand.

The principal ore mined to produce aluminium, refined first into alumina before being smelted into metal.

A processed, partially refined form of zinc ore produced by crushing and floating raw ore at a mine site, later shipped to a smelter for final refining into metal.

Recovered aluminium metal, from manufacturing offcuts or end-of-life products, collected and sold as feedstock for remelting into secondary aluminium rather than produced fresh from bauxite ore.

A soft, silvery post-transition metal that melts just above room temperature, recovered almost entirely as a byproduct of aluminium and zinc refining and used mainly to make compound semiconductors.

Lithium-rich saltwater extracted from underground reservoirs, mainly in South America's Lithium Triangle, and processed to recover lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide for battery production.

Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets, the rare earth alloy with the highest magnetic energy density of any material in commercial production, used in nearly all brushless DC motors including those in drones and electric vehicles.

An emissions-control device fitted to a vehicle's exhaust system. Platinum and palladium oxidize leftover hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide inside it, while rhodium reduces nitrogen oxides, before the cleaned exhaust reaches the tailpipe.

Refined metallic cobalt, produced mainly as a byproduct of copper and nickel mining and sold as cathode, briquette or powder for battery materials, superalloys and industrial chemicals.

Continuous-cast copper in rod form, the raw feedstock drawn down into copper wire for electrical cabling — one of the most direct links between the copper price and the wiring inside a building.

Recovered copper from end-of-life cables, wiring, appliances and industrial equipment, remelted or refined to produce metal without new mining.

Gold coins as a market category — sovereign bullion series, festive and gifting coins, and collectible issues — bought by retail investors and households as a portable, easily resold form of physical gold ownership.

Coarse, naturally sized iron ore, roughly 6-31mm, that can be charged directly into a blast furnace without further processing — usually priced at a premium to fines.

A mixed rare-earth oxide combining roughly three parts neodymium to one part praseodymium, refined from bastnasite or monazite ore and the direct feedstock for neodymium magnet alloy.

A partially processed, silver-rich material produced at a mine site through crushing and flotation, then sold to smelters for final refining into pure silver — the form in which most mined silver first enters the supply chain.

Recycled steel feedstock, including ship-recycled plate, melted in electric-arc and induction furnaces as a lower-energy, lower-emission alternative to producing steel from raw iron ore.

A semiconductor compound of cadmium and tellurium used as the light-absorbing layer in thin-film solar panels, an alternative to traditional silicon-wafer photovoltaic technology.

Uranium processed to increase the concentration of the fissile isotope U-235 above natural levels, the form required to fuel most commercial nuclear reactors; global enrichment capacity remains concentrated among a small number of countries, including Russia.

A transparent, electrically conductive material made primarily from indium oxide, used as the standard electrode layer in touch screens, flat-panel displays and solar cells.

A partially processed form of lead ore separated from other minerals at a mine site through crushing and flotation, then shipped to smelters for refining into metallic lead.

An intermediate nickel-cobalt product made by leaching laterite nickel ore in sulphuric acid, produced mainly in Indonesia and typically shipped to China for further refining into battery-grade nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate.

An intermediate rare earth product, a carbonate concentrate containing multiple rare earth elements that has not yet been separated into individual oxides, typically produced at a mine site before further refining downstream.

The raw laterite rock mined for its nickel content; Indonesia is the world's largest producer, feeding both RKEF smelters that make nickel pig iron and HPAL plants that make battery-grade nickel and cobalt products.

A lower-cost, lower-purity ferronickel alloy produced from nickel ore in a rotary-kiln electric furnace, used mainly as a cheaper nickel input for stainless steel producers.

Investment-grade platinum cast or minted into standardized bars at high purity, held by investors alongside gold and silver as a physical precious-metals asset.

Silver minted into legal-tender or bullion coins by government mints and private refiners, bought mainly for investment and, in some cases, produced as circulating currency.

Finished jewelry items made from sterling or fine silver, sold to consumers as a fashion and gifting product as well as an accessible store of value.

A silver-powder-based conductive paste screen-printed onto solar cells and electronic components to form the metal contacts that carry electrical current.

A cylindrical cast form of aluminium used as feedstock for extrusion into profiles for construction, automotive and industrial applications.

Aluminium shaped by forcing heated metal through a shaped die, widely used for window frames, structural framing, and automotive and industrial components.

Aluminium cast into standard ingot blocks after smelting, the physical form in which primary aluminium is most commonly stored, traded and shipped to downstream processors.

Aluminium that's been pressed into sheets, coils or foil rather than cast or extruded — the form used for beverage cans, vehicle body panels and construction cladding.

Flat-rolled aluminium, thicker than foil and thinner than plate, used across construction, automotive body panels and packaging.

Aluminium drawn into wire form, valued for its light weight and conductivity in overhead power transmission lines and electrical applications.

A refined, high-purity form of lithium used directly as a feedstock for lithium-ion battery cathodes.

A processed, upgraded form of chromite ore with most of the waste rock removed, used as feedstock for producing ferrochrome, the key ingredient in stainless steel.

The finished, reactor-ready fuel bundles loaded into a nuclear reactor core, produced only after uranium concentrate has been converted to gas form and enriched to increase its fissile content.

Steel sheet, pipe, or structural sections coated with a protective layer of zinc, applied by hot-dip galvanising or electroplating, to prevent rust in outdoor and structural applications.

Steel coated with a protective layer of zinc to prevent corrosion, widely used in construction, infrastructure and automotive applications.

Polished single-crystal wafers sliced from indium phosphide boules, used as the base layer on which laser and photodetector chips for fibre-optic and AI data-centre networking are grown.

Iron ore that has been crushed and processed to raise its iron content before further processing into pellets or direct sale to steelmakers.

Lithium Iron Phosphate, a cathode material used in lithium-ion batteries valued for thermal stability and long cycle life, widely used in electric two-wheelers and stationary energy storage in India.

A processed, upgraded form of spodumene ore with a higher lithium-oxide content, produced at a mine site and shipped to chemical converters that refine it into battery-grade lithium carbonate or hydroxide.

The intermediate product of molybdenum mining — crushed and floated ore rich in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) — that is later roasted into molybdenum oxide or ferromolybdenum for steelmaking and other alloy uses.

A high-purity refined nickel product used directly in stainless steel production or as feedstock for battery-grade nickel chemicals.

Iron refined and alloyed into a base industrial metal, produced as sheet, coil, bar and other forms for construction, automotive and infrastructure use.

The partially refined uranium ore product, often called yellowcake, shipped from mines to conversion plants as the first stage of turning mined ore into reactor fuel.

The gaseous chemical form of uranium used as feedstock for enrichment, the step before fabrication into fuel for light-water reactors, the most common reactor type in the world.

A coarse yellow powder, mostly triuranium octoxide (U3O8), produced from mined or extracted uranium -- the standard intermediate form in which uranium is sold and shipped before enrichment.

Cylindrical, semi-finished aluminium logs produced from molten metal, extruded further into profiles, rods and structural shapes for construction and automotive use.

A manufacturing process in which molten aluminium alloy is injected under high pressure into a reusable steel mold to produce precise, thin-walled metal parts at high volume.

The process, and resulting product, of forcing heated aluminium billet through a shaped die to create long profiles used in window frames, structural framing and vehicle components.

A thin, easily shaped sheet of aluminium, widely used for food packaging, insulation and industrial wrapping applications.

Semi-finished aluminium in continuous rod form, drawn down into wire and cable for electrical transmission and automotive wiring applications.

Refined cobalt metal cast into flat cathode sheets, typically 99.8% or purer, the benchmark traded form of cobalt used in battery materials and high-temperature superalloys.

A solid or laminated length of copper bar used to conduct high electrical current between components in switchgear, panels, and power-distribution equipment, valued for copper's conductivity and ease of custom fabrication.

Rigid copper bars used to carry high electrical current within switchgear, panels, and data-center power-distribution systems.

An intermediate compound of copper and tellurium recovered from copper anode slime during electrorefining, later refined into pure tellurium or cadmium telluride semiconductor material.

A metal alloy formulated for dental restorations such as crowns, bridges and fillings. Palladium-based versions account for roughly 30 percent of the metal's global consumption, chosen for their resistance to corrosion inside the mouth.

Iron produced by reducing iron ore to metallic iron without melting it, typically using natural gas or hydrogen, used as a lower-carbon alternative to blast-furnace ironmaking.

Rechargeable battery packs, typically lithium-ion, that power electric vehicles and require lithium, nickel and cobalt for the cells plus substantial copper for wiring and motors.

An iron-niobium alloy added to steel in small amounts to make it stronger and lighter.

Epitaxial wafers made from gallium arsenide, a compound semiconductor used in lasers, LEDs, solar cells and radio-frequency chips.

A compound semiconductor material made from gallium and nitrogen, used in place of silicon where higher efficiency and heat tolerance are needed in power electronics.

Refined gold cast or minted into a bar of standard weight and purity, the physical form used for investment holding, central bank reserves, and bullion trading.

Gold cast or minted into standardised bars or ingots, held primarily as a direct investment in the metal's value rather than for decorative use.

A single coin minted from gold to a standard weight and purity, produced by a government mint or private refiner and bought mainly as an investment, gift or ceremonial purchase rather than for jewellery.

Iron reduced from ore using renewable electricity or green hydrogen instead of coal, aimed at cutting the carbon emissions of conventional blast-furnace steelmaking.

Refined indium cast into ingots, the tradeable form of a metal used mainly in indium tin oxide (ITO) coatings for touchscreens and solar panels.

Refined indium metal cast into ingot form, the standard traded and stockpiled shape of the metal before it's processed into indium tin oxide, solders or compound semiconductors.

A crystalline compound semiconductor of indium and phosphorus, grown as boules and processed into wafers used for high-speed optical and radio-frequency electronic devices.

Aluminium smelted using renewable or lower-emission power sources, marketed at a reduced embedded-carbon footprint to buyers -- especially in Europe -- facing tightening carbon-intensity import and procurement rules.

A concentrated intermediate nickel product made by smelting nickel ore, used as an alternative feedstock route to mixed hydroxide precipitate for battery-material and stainless steel production.

A refined battery-grade chemical compound made from nickel, used as a primary raw material in the cathode materials of lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries.

Tin-based solder alloy formulated specifically for attaching components to printed circuit boards — a direct link between tin demand and electronics manufacturing.

The crude iron produced by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace, the direct precursor to steel; called hot metal in its molten form straight from the furnace.

A temperature-sensing device built by pairing a pure platinum wire with a platinum-rhodium alloy wire. The pairing can measure furnace and kiln temperatures up to about 1,800 degrees Celsius (3,270 degrees Fahrenheit).

Aluminium metal recovered by remelting scrap rather than refining new metal from bauxite ore, produced using a fraction of the energy that primary aluminium smelting requires.

Reclaimed steel from end-of-life vehicles, appliances, construction and industrial sources, used as feedstock for electric arc furnace steelmaking.

A compound of scandium used to make aluminium-scandium alloys and solid oxide fuel cells.

Re-rollable steel plate and structural sections recovered when an old ship is dismantled, typically re-rolled into rebar, angles and other construction-grade steel products.

Electrical and electronic connectors and contacts plated or made with silver, chosen for its superior electrical conductivity in high-performance and high-reliability circuits.

An unrefined alloy of silver, often with traces of gold, poured directly from a mine's own processing plant and later shipped to a refinery for final purification into bullion.

A lithium-bearing mineral mined from hard-rock granite pegmatites and processed into concentrate, one of the two main raw materials used to produce battery-grade lithium chemicals, alongside brine.

Also called direct reduced iron (DRI), a porous solid iron product made by removing oxygen from iron ore using coal or gas without melting it; it serves as the main feedstock for India's induction-furnace and electric-arc-furnace steelmakers.

A semi-finished, roughly square-sectioned steel product made by melting and casting sponge iron or scrap; billets are rolled further into finished products such as rebar and wire rod.

A thin material that converts a temperature difference across it directly into electricity via the thermoelectric effect, with no moving parts, distinct from a photovoltaic cell that converts light rather than heat.

A processed tin ore product with tin content concentrated ahead of smelting into refined metal; Myanmar's Wa State is one of the sources feeding Chinese tin smelters.

Refined tin cast into ingots, the tradeable form of a metal whose largest end use by far is solder for electronics.

The natural, unenriched uranium compound used directly as fuel in CANDU-design heavy-water reactors, a technology developed and used in Canada.

A partially refined uranium product, also called yellowcake or U3O8, produced at a mine site before further conversion and enrichment into reactor fuel.

An intermediate uranium oxide produced by refining mined uranium ore concentrate; it's the feedstock for conversion into either UF6 or UO2.